def lower_bound(values, target):
    left, right = 0, len(values)
    while left < right:
        middle = (left + right) // 2
        if values[middle] < target:
            left = middle + 1
        else:
            right = middle
    return left

print(lower_bound([2, 5, 5, 11, 14], 5))
print(lower_bound([2, 5, 5, 11, 14], 99))
print(lower_bound([], 3))